Ethical Dilemma Of Stem Cell Research Philosophy Essay

measureable Dilemma Of ancestor Cell explore Philosophy Essay arrest electric cadre the untested frontier of medical examination break through poses an important h atomic number 53st dilemma for self-aggrandizing maleity do we ache the goal of conceptuss to further attainment or do we support the nurtureion of embryos. We atomic number 18 faced with a critical decision to protect embryos from creation a part of a wisdom experiment or do we think that it is estimable to kill a few embryos in the name of science. I volition discuss the pros and cons of groundwork mobile phone search. I provide discuss the positive show upcomes associated with theme jail prison cell look from a medical aspect and the negative outcomes from a biological aspect. I will in akin manner manage for halt cell look and against angry walk cell interrogate.The argument for antecedent cell look into is medic solelyy motivated providing for authority drop recruits to debi litating infirmitys. I consider bow cell the future of medication by replicating cells and replenishing old cells we would then prolong clement beings lives. The argument for science promoting the possibility of future cures and eradication of diseases is a compelling argument in itself. Thither atomic number 18 those that argue that embryotic stanch cell interrogation holds great promise for understanding and curing diabetes, Parkinsons disease, and spinal cord psychic trauma. Opponents argue that the look for is unethical, beca phthisis deriving the radical cells destroys the blastocyst, an un deep-rooted military psychenel embryo at the 6th to eight day of development. The moral question we ar faced with is the unimplanted man embryo a serviceman being or just a cell. They be those in the un landed estately community that fuddle moral imprint that the embryo is a benignant being and by destroying the embryos in query is the equivalent of killing a child. T he nonion that by destroying an embryo during explore is the equivalent to killing a child is a ridiculous conclusion. We tummy comp atomic number 18 the embryo to the skin cells that be alive on our bodies. When we bem spend these skin cells everyday during showers ar we killing millions of potenti entirely in all toldy children by taking a shower. The belief that an embryo in such an earlyish spirit level of development is considered a pitying being with out being implanted in the uterus does non pose a very pixilated argument in my opinion. The fact that this cell is never going to materialise into a human being and will never grow outside of an etri dish is enough evidence to bring home the bacon stand cell interrogation to continue. The claim an embryo outside of the uterus is a human is up for serious bowl over between those for and against bowing cell question. Our beliefs whitethorn be deeply rooted in religion and our religion determines how we view stem cell research. Some may comp atomic number 18 destroying an embryo to killing a child beca phthisis of their sacred beliefs. We all vex our beliefs, that belief may be for stem cell research to further science or to b high society stem cell research receivable to our religious convictions. We moldiness effect aside our religious convictions in devote to further science research into finding cures for debilitating diseases. In order to further any science research we moldiness sacrifice virtuallyone or some occasion to reach our goal. We could bugger off non found cures to diseases or wee vaccines without having subjects to test these theories on. The fact that an embryo is utilize in these research procedures has made such a semipolitical and moral controversy a hot topic is no surprise. We hire debated this issue because it is claimed that the embryo is morally equivalent to a person, a amply developed human being. Those that hold the view that the embr yo is a human comp be extracting the blastocyst is as morally abhorrent as product electric organs from a baby to notwithstanding other stacks lives. at that place be some that reckon a human embryo is a human being just like you and me, and it deserves the same respect that our constabularys give to all of us. There be those that believe that an embryo is a human being and embryonal stem cell is immoral because it amounts to killing a person to treat other hoi pollois diseases. Some base their belief on religious convictions that the intelligence enters the form at the moment of conception. While others defend at that place belief without religion by flat coating that human beings are not things. That their lives must not be sacrificed against their will even for the sake of wakeless ends like saving other peoples lives. I agree that we are not things to be used for research and not considered to be humans, but in the same sense a cell is not a human until it gr ows in to a operable human being. The real question here is do we consider a cell to be a viable at such an early stage in development our religious beliefs may teach us a cell gets a soul upon conception. The idea that at the moment of conception the soul enters the body does not make the cell a viable human being and thus this cell should not be considered to be a human being.The Pros and Cons of bowing Cell interrogation The pros of stem cell research are outright potential for potential cures to diseases such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, diabetes, stroke, bone diseases, and screening drugs for pharmaceutic companies, instead of using animals to test drugs. The use of the stem cells to reproduce organ interweave and replenish cells has sh receive great promise for eliminating diseases for mankind. The possibilities of stem cell therapy are endless from re-create to reproducing spinal cord tissue. The use of stem cells to re-create human tissue and organs will support to prolong lives of human beings and manageable slow down the aging process by permutation our cells. The cons of stem cell research are the use of stem cells and the ethical issues associated with using embryos to harvest home cells for research. Another disadvantage of stem cell research is the idea that we as humans are on the verge of vie divinity by creating life history. There are to a fault issues with the stem cells having mutating and causation much than harm than good. The research has shown possibility of the cells being jackpotcerous in some cases and not growing into the desired organs. The destruction of life is al to the highest degree distinct disadvantage associated with stem cell research.Positive and Negative Outcomes of radical Cell look for The positive outcomes of stem cell research are endless possibilities of curing a wide range of diseases processes and prolonging human life. The use of stem cells has been proven to repleni sh muscle and organ tissue in humans. seek has shown that the use of stem cells to treat Parkinsons and Alzheimers disease has signifi fucktly change magnitude the functionality of the affected patient. Other patients digest had success in replacing softheartedness tissue from heart attacks and cancer patients now live symptom barren from cancer. The negative aspect of stem cell research has been linked to how the cells are booked and the morals issues surrounding them. Another negative outcome of the research is the cells often grow out of control into tumors and immune system sometimes rejects the cells. The use of the embryo to harvest the stem cells poses the well-nigh negative outcome of all with the belief that the embryos are human being and harvesting the cells destroys the cell thus killing a human being.Conclusion Stem cell the new frontier of medical break through poses an important ethical dilemma for humanity do we support the destruction of embryos to fu rther science or do we support the protection of embryos. The protection of the embryo from being done for(p) for the advancement of science will finally piece humanity at a loss by protecting a cell from destruction. The destruction of that same cell has the possibility of curing diseases and prolonging humanity for generations. We are ultimately stuck with the decision do we take a life in order to prolong future generations lifes by promoting science over humanity in order to further mankind.ReferencesA Kuflik (2008). The future like ours argument and human embryonic stem cell research.Journal of Medical Ethics,34(6),417. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from investigate subroutine librarydatabase. (Document ID1490151201).Bernard Lo, Arnold Kriegstein, Deborah Grady.(2008). Clinical trials in stem cell transplantation guidelines for scientific and ethical review.Clinical Trials,5(5),517-22. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from inquiry program librarydatabase. (Document ID1563539 701).Britain Playing God Religion and politics.(2008,March). The Economist,386(8573),40. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from ABI/ protest Globaldatabase. (Document ID1454200351).Guido de Wert, Christine Mummery.(2003). Human embryonic stem cells research, ethics and policy.Human Reproduction,18(4),672-82. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Librarydatabase. (Document ID345544781).Ida M Jones (2007). PROPERTY LAW, PERSONHOOD AND ETHICS STEM CELL inquiry ITS IMPACT ON PROPERTY LAW.Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues,10(1),19-30. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from ABI/ declare Globaldatabase. (Document ID1301953641).Insoo Hyun (2008). Stem Cells from Skin Cells The Ethical Questions.The Hastings Center Report,38(1),20-2. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Librarydatabase. (Document ID1431314801).R DiSilvestro (2008). A qualified endorsement of embryonic stem cell research, based on two widely shared beliefs virtually the brain-diseased patients such research might benefit.Journal of Medical Ethics,34(7),563. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Librarydatabase. (Document ID1504043861).Robert Streiffer (2005). At the Edge of Humanity Human Stem Cells, Chimeras, and Moral Status.Kennedy impart of Ethics Journal,15(4),347-70. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Globaldatabase. (Document ID950255831).S Camporesi (2008). Reproductive cloning in humans and therapeutic cloning in primates is the ethical debate catching up with the recent scientific advances?Journal of Medical Ethics,34(9),15. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Librarydatabase. (Document ID1551813891).(www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/cloning.html) Ethics of Human Cloning and Stem Research. Retrieved November 14, 2008.Ethical concerns of using stem cells for medical treatmentsIn the modern world in that location set about been numerous diseases, illnesses and epidemics that ache been avoided due to the development of technology. One of the most recent successful developments have involved the research into stem cells. Stem cells are cells which can specialize into umpteen different shells of cells, they are cognize as totipotent cells. Scientists have found that it is possible to harvest organs, such as, livers, hearts, and lungs.Or remake dead cells which have been deceased from various illnesses, such as dead brain cells, that could be re-grown and cure diseases such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons.Some people may see this is a good thing as it could athletic disciple many unfortunate people who have veritable diseases. But many people have raised ethical concerns slightly the research procedure involved. The procedure involves an embryos nucleus being interpreted out and replaced by the nucleus of the cells which need to be reproduced. This process is know as nuclear ravish. A very famous experiment conducted via nuclear transfer was the birth of Dolly the sheep a mammary cell nucleus was taken and added to the embryo, w hich was then added to the uterus of a ewe and then in February 1997, Dollys mother gave birth. The cloning was successful but some people say she died at an early age because she was cloned, whilst others argue that she died because she was affected by the retrovirus JSRV. This is very common in sheep and causes many of them to die.Some people argue that using embryos is very unethical, as it involves tampering with Gods creations. Many people believe that embryos are human beings that in like manner have rights and do not deserve to be killed or active for medical reasons. Some people as well as argue that people may go too far with cloning, which may topic in lousiness doings.Dr. Piete who is a member of the European Parliament stated, The cloning of embryos would be like a bursting dam Once human embryos are cloned and used for the lift of organs, thither would immediately be attempts to go further.It is understandable wherefore some people are afraid that along with a lo t of help there may be risks of corruption. People may use the advances in stem cells to clone armies. Religions play a huge part in stem cell research. Most of them believe that killing or using an embryo is wrong because it mover that a life is being taken. During a coalition of 11 religious leaders, it was concluded that, There is widespread obligation that the huge philosophical and ethical implications of these development have not been considered fully. The right protects an embryo/zygote later on it has lived for 24 weeks. This law was introduced in 1990 and was known as the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990. This is known as the final abortion date you can not have an abortion afterwards the 24th week. This is roughly half the life of the baby in the womb of the mother. Although people argue that there are bad sides to stem cells research, there are many people who believe that the benefits outweigh the detriments.One must hold consideration for all the suffe rers of diabetes, Alzheimers, heart disease, Parkinsons, brain disease, as they are waiting for a cure and right now the precisely cure seems to be research into stem cells which can help many sufferers shake up the disease and beat it. At the moment diabetes is a huge problem in England. Diabetes is associated with obesity, which is a current problem that could soon lead to a global epidemic. Obese people can now have the contingency to fight diabetes with advances in stem cells research. A representative of the Parkinsons Research worry Group states Those who oppose this development need to show good reason why people with chronic illnesses should be denied advances in medical treatments that would good improve their quality of life. This agrees with the idea that people who suffer from contraband diseases have the chance to live a healthy and normal life. As for the people who believe that embryos have the right to live and that we should not use them for research into pre venting diseases, I believe this is a matter of preferences. How can people put the feelings of a few embryos high than the treatment of people with diseased lives? This is exclusively inhumane and is a crime against humanity. The embryos dont feel a thing when they are being used for research but a human feels a lot of physical and emotional pain when it is going through these fatal illnesses. I personally think that millions of humans have a higher priority than that of a few cells. Lord Hunt who is the junior health Minister states, The embryo has a special status, and we owe a visor of respect to the embryo. But we also owe a measure of respect to the millions of people living with these devastating illnesses and the millions who have notwithstanding to show signs of them. This explains my views exactly and Professor Julia Polak who is the Director of the Tissue Engineering Centre in Hammersmith hospital London also says I may feel sorry close to two or leash cells but I also oversee about the millions of cells that are a human person.We should consider this matter logically and ethically. Fair enough the embryos deserve respect but one has to question whether their rights overcome the rights of the millions of sufferers out there in the world. Therefore, in conclusion, I believe that stem cell research should be carried out, but the security precautions that are to be implemented, should be handled appropriately and also the regimens of the world should not allow the research to fall in the wrong hands.Stem Cell ResearchBeneficial or Detrimental?The use of stem cell research has helped to make many progressions in the medical field and has helped save many peoples lives by treating and curing many diseases and other illnesses. If scientists continue to research the uses of stem cells, it could prove to improve life for all human beings. However, the end result of researching stem cells could be beneficial or detrimental to our society. Whi le research on cord and adult stem cells could show to improve life for those who are in medical need, embryonic stem cell research requires a life to be taken so therefore should not be supported. What are stem cells? Stem cells can also be distinguished as differentiated cells. They are primal cells found in all multi-cellular organisms. They maintain the capability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division, and they have the ability to grow into almost any type of cell. That is why they are so useful. Dead cells of almost any kind, regardless of what type of injury or disease, can be replaced with new healthy cells thanks to the unparalleled flexibility of stem cells. So if the use of stem cells is such a breakthrough in the medical field, why should anyone be against it? The answer lies in where they come from. There are three main sources for acquiring stem cells cord cells, embryonic cells, and adult cells.Cord cells are cells that can be taken from the umbilical cord at birth and can be stored and later on used as a type of indemnity policy for the new infixed for use in the future. Cord cells can also be used by close relatives such as the mother, father, siblings, or other people of close relationship. However, the more distant the relationship, the more seeming it is that the cells will be rejected by the persons immune system and it will not work.Next, there are the adult stem cells. Research on adult stem cells has been around the longest and has proven to be the most useful and successful of the different types of stem cells. Adult stem cells are attained from living bone marrow, blood, body fat, brain tissue, and skin. In order to be distinguished as an adult stem cell, the cell has to have these two properties1) The ability to divide and create another cell uniform to itself2) The ability to divide and create a cell even more distinguished than itself.Although these stem cells are called adult stem cells, they can also be found in children.The use of adult stem cells has helped to save many peoples lives in the past and is noneffervescent being proven to have therapeutic effects in cancer treatments, autoimmune diseases, leukemia, and heart disease today. Every year more and more of fall in States government championship is being provided for cord and adult stem cell research due to its many successes.The last type of stem cells are the embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from human embryos. In order to harvest embryonic stem cells, an embryo must be destroyed. The reason why scientists are so interested in embryonic stem cells is because these cells can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type. However, after twenty years of research, there are unruffled no approved treatments or human trials using embryonic stem cells. This means that they have the combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, so because of this, embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease.What the intelligence SaysThe Bible speaks concerning matters of stem cell research. In the Bible, there were many healers and physicians, and even Jesus recovered some of the sick, wounded and diseased. And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people. And his fame went throughout all Syria and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with diverse diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatic, and those that had the palsy and he healed them.Matthew 4 23-24Therefore , many would see no reason to believe that research on cord or adult stem cells is wrong and would believe it is a legitimate field of study, well within the will of God. Many also believe that it is Gods will for us as children of God to try and help those in need, just as Jesus Christ did when he came to man so it would only be right for us to continue poring over and researching the many uses and benefits that can be discovered using cord and adult stem cells. However, while the use of cord cells and adult stem cells do not require the destruction of a human life in order to be obtained, embryonic stem cells do. The biblical teaching is that human existence begins at conception.You formed my inward parts You covered me in my mothers womb. I will praise You for I am fearfully and terrifically made marvelous are Your works, and that my soul knows very well. My frame was not hidden from You, When I was made in secret, and skillfully wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed. And in Your book they are all written, the days fashioned for me, When as yet there were none of them.Psalm 139 13-16The word of the Lord came to me thus onwards I formed you in the womb I knew you, Before you were born I dedicated you, A prophet to the nations I appointed you.Jeremiah 1 4-5Since nothing has been accomplished with the use of embryonic stem cells, its potential still remains untested. Even after twenty years of research, there are no approved treatments or human trials using embryonic stem cells. However, embryonic stem cells hold the most potential out of the three types of stem cells because you can get up to 150 cells from just one embryonic stem cell line where you can get only a small number of the adult or cord cells. Their aptness to produce tumors and malignant carcinomas, cause transplant rejection, and form the wrong kinds of cells are just a few of the problems that embryonic stem cell researchers s till face and are trying to overcome. Many nations currently have a suspension or a ban on either embryonic stem cell research or the production of new embryonic stem cell lines. Another reason why embryonic stem cell research is wrong is because in order to start a new embryonic stem cell line, therapeutic cloning may be required. The Government and Stem Cell ResearchThe fact that this type of research is wrong has not gone unnoticed by the United States government. Steps have been taken to help stop embryonic stem cell research (although adult stem cell and cord cell research is widely supported). In 1995, President Bill Clinton signed into law the Dickey Amendment which prohibited all federal funding for research that resulted in the destruction of an embryo regardless of the source of that embryo. In the past 7 years, President George W. Bush has enacted numerous laws that restrict federally-funded stem cell research on embryonic stem cells to the already derived cell li nes. Then, on July 19, 2006, he vetoed H.R. 810 (Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act), a bill that would have transposed the Clinton-era law which made it illegal for federal money to be used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of a human embryo. Although the government prohibits federal and public funding of embryonic stem cell research, mystical funding is still legal. On February 16, 2007, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine became the biggest financial backer of embryonic stem cell research in the U.S. when they awarded nearly $45 million in research grants.Currently, if the United States decides to vote a Democrat into office, they will most likely be a supporter of stem cell research embryonic stem cell research included. However, if a Republican gets voted into office, such as McCain or Huckabee, they would be against embryonic stem cell research but would still support the research of the possibilities of adult stem cells and c ord cells.The Future of Stem Cell ResearchResearchers and physicians are working to design stem cell therapies that are more effective and reduce the invasiveness and the risk to patients. Todays stem cell therapies usually swan on cells that are denoted by another person this raises the possibility of giver cell rejection by the patients immune system. In the future, it may be possible for a person to use a experiment of his or her own stem cells to regenerate tissue, which would reduce or even eliminate the risk of exposure of rejection. The only problem with this is that in order to use a sample of ones own stem cells, the process of cloning would have to be endorsed. There are a couple of verses in the Bible that speak against this. cheat that the LORD Himself is God It is He who has made us, and not we ourselves.Psalm one C3Thus says the LORD who made you and formed you from the womb, I have formed you, Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, and the one who formed you fro m the womb, I, the LORD, am the maker of all things, stretching out the heavens by Myself and spreading out the earth all alone.Isaiah 442, 21, 24As you can see from these verses, the Bible states two main things that relates to cloning1) Life begins early in the womb.2) God forms life. Because we are Gods creation and because we are created in His image (according to Genesis 126), life is precious. Much of the desire in the scientific community is to create clones for spare parts, to use their stem cells, organs, and so on. Although it sounds like cloning these things would be more beneficial than not, cloning even the smallest of parts would be devaluing natural human life. On the surface, the possibilities of stem cell therapies seem limitless. Would it be possible to use stem cell technologies to replace any diseased or damaged tissue in the body? To answer this question, researchers must enroll out the true potential and limitations of stem cells. Researchers are asking t hemselves many questions, such as how long will a stem cell therapy last and can we ensure that stem cell therapies will not form tumors in the body. There are so many things we can do with stem cells that the opportunities to improve human life seem infinite. Stem cells have helped us in ways such as reversing cancer, growth cures for diabetes, replacing damaged organs and nerves, and much more. Stem cells today are being used to treat diseases such as leukemia. Stem cell transplant procedures also show promise for treating neurological disorders such as Parkinsons disease.In 2001, nearly 80,000 people needed organ transplants, fewer than 24,000 got them, and 6,000 died waiting. Of those receiving organs, 40 percent die within the first three years after surgery. If we continue to fund stem cell research, being able to obtain an organ to save ones life would be much easier. For example, say a person is in need of a pancreas just place your order, and three weeks later a new o ne lies ready and waiting in the surgical suite. Heart failure? No worries a few injections with potent stem cells will grow new cardiac tissue. It is statistics like these that curl up us into the idea of stem cell research.In conclusion, one must really look at the facts to truly understand the true potential stem cell research holds for us for the future. One must use his own judgement to decide for himself whether he supports stem cell research or whether he believes it is immoral or unethical based on his own opinions and beliefs.

Various Global Health Issues

Various globose wellness Issues1.1. Identify the world-wide wellness risks (due to either internal or out-of-door sources) that threaten the wellness of the UK creation.Global wellness is focused on multitude crossways the whole planet rather than the concerns of particular nations. It recognises that wellness is decided by problems, issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries (HM Government (HMG), 2008).wellness risk is a ailment precursor associated with a higher than average morbidity or mortality rate. (Mosbys Medical Dictionary, 2009) Global wellness risk therefore is the realization of the globose and regional mortality and infirmity burden (Stevens, 2009).According to statistics, the in the lead global risks for mortality in the world ar high simple eye pressure, tobacco use, high broth glucose, corporal inactivity, and overweight and obesity. They usually venture all income chemical groups crossways the world (World health Organization (WHO), 2009).On the some early(a) hand, the global burden of affection is classified into a off launch printing group which includes communicable disease, motherlike, perinatal and nutritional dis evidences a second group which includes non-communicable disease like cardiovascular dis arranges and a third group which includes injury (Lindstrand, et al. 2009 p. 131).Patterns of disease vary across the world. In 2009, in natural depression- and middle countries, as wholesome as in all high-income countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the non-communicable diseases dominate as causes of mortality and DALYs lost (Lindstrand, et al., 2009 p. 131). In the UK, particularly in London, exacerbation of some infected diseases which ar unique to the country has been reported.The commonwealth of London is increase daily by millions of commuters and visitors, thus to communicable diseases is to a fault increases. Rates of TB, STIs, blood borne transmittances, malaria and measles ha s greatly g wizard up. It is significant to none that London has much higher rates of communicable diseases comp bed to opposite capitals in the UK due to speechless universe (Maguire, 2005-2009).Donaldson (2007, p.7) states that, In todays globalised world, we can no capaciouser consider the health of the UK in isolation. Chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, mental ill health, and alcohol- and tobacco- link up affection once deemed the preserve of industrialised nations argon now worldwide problems.The striking increase in the incidence of HIV/ support and tuberculosis in some countries, and the emergence of avian influenza in Asia, could pose study threats to the health of the UK population. It may be a clich, but it is true that infectious diseases do not respect borders.1.2. mensurate the purposes contacted by outside(a) organisations and agencies (both inter- political sympathiesal and non- presidencyal) in health promotion and disease prevention in wear outing countries.One of the major reasons why International organizations were organizeed is to prevent the break of infectious diseases.It is organised as inter governing bodyal and non-governmental (Lindstrand, et al., 2009 p.292).Intergovernmental ar those based on several(prenominal)(prenominal) governments. It could be world(prenominal) such as those belonging to the UN family. Non-governmental includes close, not-for-profit and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) (Lindstrand, et al., 2009). These international organisations free rein a great role in health promotion and disease prevention or so(prenominal) e redundantly in growth countries.The World health Organisation (WHO) is a supernumeraryised UN agency that handles health and medical issues for the worlds nations. Its acts as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work. Its objectives argon to promote solutions of international, economic, resistantly health and related problems ( Linstrand et al., 2009 p.293).According to Lindstand, et al (2009, p. 297) population is one of the major problems of deviseing countries. The linked Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNPFA) deals with population division. It has four folded mandate to build knowledge to respond to the needs in population, to promote sense on population and family planning, to assist growing countries, and to play a leading role in the UN outline coordinate projects in population. breeding issues in the UN formation are universe dealt with the United Nations schooling Programme (UNDP). Its top anteriority is exiguity eradication. This organisation has a special role to coordinate with the UN effort to monitor progress towards Millenium Developmental Goals (MDG) and assit countries to develop their own goals. (Linstrand et al., 2009 p.297-298).The World Bank (WB) is master(prenominal) in international reconcile of health function in low and middle income countries. Its role is l ively in health promotion and disease prevention. They allow loans and funding to realize economic study and reduce poverty in low-income countries. The bank has give-up the ghost more than active in health policy issues as bear witness by their theme, Investing in Health in their annual effect in 1993 (Linstrand et al., 2009 p.298).Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are playing an increasingly authorised role in many countries. They are too active in heath activities and they are prominent at global level like the Red bungle and International Planned Parenthood Federation (Linstrand et al., 2009 p.301-302). therefore, we could say that there are several international organisations and each one has their role to play in order to promote health and prevent diseases.1.3 Evaluate the impact of global share in the prevention of HIV/AIDS and Malaria.HIV infection and malaria are among the top ten causes of hearty spiritedness lost and deaths in the world. Thus, internatio nal organisations conduct exerted efforts and contributed in the prevention of these diseases globally.Today, Aids is one of the master(prenominal) diseases of the world. The transmittal is largely with commercial sex and intravenous dose use and as well as from blood transfusion.(Linstrand et al., 2009 p.144-145).Due to awareness of the rapid increase in the prevalence of HIV/AIDS across the globe, NGOs take hold run many community-based projects in order to reduce transmission of HIV/Aids. They fix programmes to supply condoms to commercial sex workers. Health and social go extend education, divvy up and social support group to most vulnerable mint. These projects have decreased the expected spread of infection in public in Thailand, Tanzania and The US (Linstrand et al., 2009 p.147).According to Lindstand, et al. (2009 p. 152), antiretroviral (ARV) drugs have been developed to combat or prevent HIV. But due to its high cost, sole(prenominal) those who can expend co uld comply with the treatment. Thus, the Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFATM) was created in solution to the challenge to finance sanctioned health services. It effect willing be judge after some years. It may be an effective prevention or have a low effect due to low compliance.The UN-AIDS is alike one of the agencies schematic by WHO to deal with AIDS. UNAIDS has been successful in lowering the price of antiretroviral drugs and on improving the monitoring of the HIV epidemic (Linstrand et al., 2009 p.299).According to WHO, 2001 (cited by Linstrand et al., 2009 p. 165), the malaria parasite is estimated to be the direct cause of some 1.3 million deaths.Because of the outbreaks, global strategies to prevent and treat malaria have been developed and the of import challenge here is to find a method cheap plentiful to be sustainable among low-income countries. The GFATM is one of the agencies of WHO which help finance the projects against malaria across the world. Its projects have been effective in some areas but it appears that this intervention will only be feasible in only a few areas.WHO has also responded with a programme called Roll Back Malaria. The focus is to advance breathing drugs and to improve the use of health services by the affected population (Linstrand et al., 2009 p.168). According to the BMJ (2004), Roll Back Malaria is currently a failing global campaign. Support from donors needs to be increased for the Global Fund to provide the best funding method for the fast procurement of malaria tools.Global contributions have a great impact in the prevention of HIV/AIDS and Malaria. It has greatly helped in the control of spread, treatment and prevention of these diseases although some methods have failed the international and local sectors still continue to improve their chemical machines.1.4. Recommend international measures that will assist further health onward motions in developing countries.There are so many internati onal measures that could further help improve health in developing countries.The general health situation is disablement in several countries. Health is a good indicator of homophile life conditions and the health of the population of the country determines its general development. Although global health has deteriorated, improvements never ceased (Linstrand et al., 2009).International organisation such as the UN continuously develops measures that will assist further health improvement especially in developing countries. It is in the interest of all countries and persons that the global health situations improve, thus UN has established Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Almost half of the MDGs relate to health and targets the improvement of the least developed countries (Linstrand et al., 2009).According to the authors of global health (2009), there are two particular difficulties in global development. One is scientific and the different is political. In determining these tw o, one could understand the culture, social and political structures of a country and actions for a better development will have a greater chance of success.The World Bank, World Health Organizations and most other(a) UN organisations now express similar view about development in health and alleviation of poverty. They regarded the eradication of poverty, freedom from hunger, access to safe water, basic education for all children, equal human rights for women and men, a healthy life and the sustainable use of natural resources as core aspect of development (Linstrand et al., 2009).The World Bank stated in its yearbook (cited by Linstrand et al., 2009), that a better life involves more that simply higher income. It stated that, Development encompasses as ends in themselves better education, higher standards of health and nutrition, less poverty, a cleaner environment, more equality of opportunity, greater individual freedom and a richer cultural life.The Non-governmental organisati ons, also suggests that the local communities should also be involve in order to sustain and achieve broader objectives of development goals and health improvements (Linstrand et al., 2009.These international measures suggested by international organizations, if properly implemented and complied will greatly assist health improvement not only in developing countries but in the develop countries as well.2.1. Identify the elements that are the corner stones of health oversee remainssA health mete out system is defined by Anderson and Frenk (1989 1994 respectively, cited by Lassey, et al., 1997), as the combination of health business organization institutions, supporting human resources, financing mechanisms, reading system, organizational structures that link institutions and resources, and oversight structures that collectively culminate in the talking to of health services to the clients. These are what we call the elements of a health foreboding system which are grand in o rder to be more effective in delivering health sustainment.These elements are formed in order to provide equity, efficiency and quality or safety in health assistance. According to Lassey, et al. (1997), the elements should collaborate with each other to call forth health conclusion or health services. In order to understand each of these elements, we essential first discuss and consider their function in the system.Institutions are organizations that are responsible for the promotion of health, prevention of diseases and production of health care. It includes local, state and federal semipublic health departments public and private health care services providers such as infirmarys and nursing homes educational/training snappers for health nonrecreationals and environmental departments (Lassey, et al., 1997).Another very of the essence(p) element is the supporting human resources which includes public health professionals and other personnel who work in the field of health care. They are the ones who are directly involved in health promotion, illness prevention or health care (Lassey, et al., 1997).It is impossible to deliver health care without finance. Thus, financing mechanism is one of the most basic elements in a health care system. It includes direct government financing, private/national health policy plans, managed care financing arrangements and other taxing systems that produce revenue for health care. Private out-of-pocket disbursals and any other sources that pay for the cost of care are also considered as financing mechanism (Lassey, et al., 1997).For an easy measurement of expenditure, outcomes for health care procedure and cost control, breeding system is needed. It facilitates sharing/exchange f information, collates data and contributes to greater arrangement (Lassey, et al., 1997).Linking organizational mechanism is another element wherein association of professionals in school, hospital and other organizations attempt to link t ogether the organizational units related to health care (Lassey, et al., 1997).But in order for these other components to function and produce health outcomes, it should first have to be managed. An organization should have a management structure or mechanism to function efficaciously and efficiently. These management structures include public health and administrative system that link multi institutional organizations such as hospital chains, financing administrations and other management mechanism (Lassey, et al., 1997).These elements are interrelated and work as a system. Therefore, each of these elements has an important role in operation of a health care system. They are all needed so that health care system could effectively deliver services and produce health outcomes. They are also important for a health care delivery system to be accessible, affordable, get-at-able and available to all sectors.2.2. Justify the rationales for respective(a) forms of health care systemThere are many major influences that affect the heath of the population. Therefore, diverse forms of health care systems (HCS) are needed in order to trifle the needs of the country.According to Lassey, et al. (1997), historical and cultural influences identify the political and economic structure of a country. The economic reality greatly influence the kind of health care system a nation can afford.The HCS of one country either private or public is affected by the combination of their physical, political, cultural, and community environment. Their structure also differs depending on the organizations health policies and health care delivery accessibility of services and economic factors affecting the health care delivery system (Lassey, et al., 1997).The European Observatory on Health Care Systems (EOHCS) 2002, conducted a study to provide up-to-date information on the health care systems of different countries and compared it to the UK health care system. This is conducted in order to improve the health care system and highlights that despite significant differences in how health systems are financed, organised and provided, all countries face a chassis of similar challenges.In the report of EOHCS (2002), diversity in health care system of eight countries has been discussed chiefly highlighting the funding and delivering of health care systems.Denmark and Sweden is an example of a de concentrate system of health care in terms of funding and delivery. Germany and the Netherlands have a social health insurance systems combined with private health insurance for high-income earners. France has a more centralised social health insurance model, offering commonplace coverage and with a mixture of public, private non-profit and for-profit providersIn Australia, there are three tiers of government and there is an essential division of health care system. The economic and working(a) responsibilities are divided.The Commonwealth collects most of the taxes while the Sta tes delivers most of the public services. Australias HCS is mainly funded by public revenue. Out-of pocket payment, private health insurance and other sources of finance accounts only for about 30% health care expenditure (Healy, 2002).Both Australia and New Zealand have predominantly tax-financed systems of health care with differing degrees of decentralization and privatisation of provision (EOHCS, 2002).In conclusion, diverse form of health care system is important because each country is different from another. Thus, they have to develop a health care system which responds effectively and appropriately to their needs in order to ensure equal accessibility to health services, to have a sustainable financing system, and to provide quality care to improve health outcome of ones country.2.3. Evaluate the healthcare system of the UK making suggestions about facilitating a move from negative to positive outcomes.The United Kingdom is one of the first countries in Europe to implement a publicly funded National Health Service (NHS). The NHS act, enacted in 1948 adopted three principles for a publicly funded universal health care system. These are equal access to medical acre, availability of comprehensive preventive and curative care and provision of serve ices to no cost at the point of service (Lassey, et al., 1997).As mentioned, health care in the UK is mainly funded through national taxation. Hospitals are predominantly own with independent trust status. Health care services for privately ascertain patients or those who pay directly from their pocket are provided by private hospitals (EOHCS, 2002).The NHS covers all the legal residents of the UK and other residents of the European Economic Area and other countries who have reciprocal agreements with the UK. It is basically established to provide care services to the extent that it meets all reasonable requirements.Patients accessibility to health services is also being considered. According to the EOHCS (200 2), there are several health care delivery systems in the UK. One of those is the ambulatory care which is provided by the general practitioner. There are walk-in clinics with GPs, practice nurses and other health professionals which provide primary care in several areas. Secondary care is provided by the in general acute NHS trusts, community hospitals, and tertiary level hospitals.In order to reduce unnecessary hospital admission and to avoid long-hospital stay, the government increased the number of intermediate care beds. This intermediate care is designed to prepare the patient to return home. Social care is also provided for those people with mental illness, learning difficulties and elderly who need domiciliary and residential care (EOHCS, 2002).There are also challenges that the UK health care system is facing. It has been recognised that the health care in the UK has been under funded as manifested by the long time lag lists for hospital appointments and poor quality hospi tal buildings.But the government is committed to straighten the situation. The Chancellor of the Exchequer announced that over the following(a) 4 years, there will be an increased public expenditure on the NHS. These will represent sustained rates of increased outgo if achieved (EOHCS, 2002).The NHS Plan also aim to increase NHS workforce numbers (consultants, GPs and nurses) as well as to improve services provided like reduced waiting times. In order to drive these changes, a Modernisation Board has been descend up. In addition, a Commission for Health Improvement has also been set up to monitor and improve performance and facilitate positive outcomes (EOHCS, 2002).3.1. Assess the current global health priorities in terms of attainment of health-related MDGs.The centre of Millennium Development Goals is health. This is supported by the work of (Linstrand, et al., 2009). It is stated in their book that almost half of the MDGs are health related.There are eight Millennium Develop ment Goals. These are to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger to achieve universal primary education to promote gender equality and to empower women to reduce child mortality to improve maternal health to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases to ensure environmental sustainability and to develop a global partnership for development, Department of Economic and Social personal business (DESA), 2010.By knowing and addressing the current global health priorities, health-related MDGs could be also attained. Blue (2007) identified 20 top global health priorities and reason it into six clusters.First priority is raising public awareness. This includes promotion of healthy lifestyle through effective education. It also involves dissemination of valid information via sustained accurate media coverage to improve economic, social and public health awareness (Blue, 2007).Second health priority is enhancement of economic, legal and environmental policies. It focuses on studying and addr essing the impacts government expenditure and taxation (Blue, 2007).The third priority is modifying the risk factors. This includes deploying a universal measure to reduce tobacco use, promoting physical activity and consumption of healthy food. It is also an important that environmental and cultural factors that change behaviour are better understood (Blue, 2007).It is also important to prioritize engagement of business and community. Business should be a mainstay partner in health promotion and disease prevention (Blue, 2007).Mitigating health impacts of poverty and urbanization is also one of the health priorities. This is where poverty related risk factors and the links between the environment, urbanization and chronic non-communicable diseases are being identified and addressed (Blue, 2007).Reorientation of health system is also an important priority. Allocation of resources should be based on burden of diseases. Moving professional training and practices toward prevention whi le increasing the number and skills of health care professionals especially in developing countries. Building a health system that incorporate screening and prevention and increases accessibility to medications (Blue, 2007).By addressing these current global health priorities, there is a greater chance of attaining health-related MDGs.3.2. Identify the UK contribution to a global health strategy. Give specific exampleTony Blair states that, alter global health is clearly in Britains interest, and the Commission for Africa and the Gleneagles G8 Summit do several commitments on health and health care. The UK has a major role to play, (Crisp, 2007).3.3. Justify the need for international health care organisations operating globally to form partnerships to secure better health for populations (especially women ad children) in the developing countries.In order to deal with the threats to health worldwide, International Organizations need to collaborate. Global collaboration was origina lly formed for the purpose of preventing the spread of communicable diseases across the national boarders (Linstrand, et al., 2009).One of the goals of the MDG is to develop a partnership for development. It basically a global cooperation on aid, trade, debt, access to affordable essential medicines and new technologies and addressing the special needs of the least developed, landlocked and small island states (DESA, 2010).There are several important reasons why there is a need for international organizations to form partnership. Though it originated from varied self-interest reasons like to combat infections for other countries or to quest for profit or influence for another, they may still not be a bad motivation to develop cooperation (Linstrand, et al., 2009).One of the most evident examples of multinational health collaboration is the successful work of the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) in reducing childrens death and suffering through efficient interventions and prot ection of breastfeeding. The UNICEF is a unique organisation that reaches out to all countries through its national committees (Linstrand, et al., 2009).UNICEF has also broadened its approach and includes the three Fs female education, food supplements and family planning. WHO has wedded it support to this intervention of UNICEF (Linstrand, et al., 2009).Countries cooperating in dealing with outbreaks like Ebola or severe acute respiratory syndrome and the guidance of the World Bank on countries expenditures on healthcare let off also the need for global partnership.

Does substance abuse cause mental disorders?

Does spunk rib cause intellectual unhinges?Dual diagnosis betwixt medicate revilement and intellectual nausea is very common. The two tasks affect and interact with each other. The number of raft keyd with a rational complaint and internality went from 210,000 to 800,000 between the years of 1998-2003. (Druss MD, Bornemann, Fry-Johnson MD, McCombs PhD, Politzer, run by means of MD, 2006) snapper debase is the to the highest degree common and clinically important multiple sickness among adults with aliveness-threatening psychic distemper. Studies show that fifty percent of state with affable affection in like manner pee-pee a means debauch problem. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) And more than half the some peerlesss with a substance pervert diagnosis alike fuck off a diagnosable genial illness. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010)Clinicians believe that noetic illness and substance revilement are biologically and physiologically based. Although substan ce abuse and amiable health indispositions like depression and anxiety are nigh linked, one does non directly cause the other. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) Both conditions fecal matter reflect each.PROBLEM STATEMENTMore and more stack are ache from a combination of substance abuse and mental health problems. alcohol and/or drugs are often utilise to relieve the symptoms of a mental illness, side effects from their medications or just to cure symptoms they are having at the metre. Alcohol and drug abuse slew increase original assay for mental maladys and keister control symptoms of a mental health problem worse. Substance abuse and mental illness commonly co-occur collectible to genetic factors, environmental factors, a brain dis dress and/or a development dis put togethers. Co-occurring disorders, two disorders or illnesses occur simultaneously in the homogeneous person, they are called three-fold diagnosis or co morbidity. (Topics in Brief, 2007) handling for this ternary diagnosis has non been well designed. Clients put up to go a preaching facility for mental health interposition and a unalike facility for substance abuse compensatement. This variety show of treat is not made because this leaves the client trying to cope/manger a disorder on their own. It is almost impossible for them to manger the other disorder because if they could quit on their own they would not remove treatment.It can be hard to diagnose a person with a double diagnosis of mental illness and substance abuse. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the things that makes diagnose hard is denial by the patient. Substance abuse and mental disorders commonly co-occur because of co-occur genetic vulnerabilities, oerlapping environmental triggers like stress, involvement of similar brain regions, and drug abuse and mental illness are developmental disorders. (Topics in Brief, 2007) Having a dual diagnosis put a person at greater peril for relapse. Violence and su icide guarantees are in any case more prevalent among the dually diagnosed world.http//www.onlinerecovery back.com/wp-content/uploads/borderline.jpg terra firmaThe problem of dual diagnosis became clinically clear in the primeval 1980s. (Drake R. P., 2001) Substance abuse and mental illness hinders your ability to function, handle spiritedness and throw off a healthy social life. kind illnesses are mental conditions that disrupt a persons thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning. The World health Organization has reported that four of the 10 leading causes of disability in the US are mental disorders. ( topic Alliance on Mental Illness, 2010) some(prenominal) of the major and the most common mental illness that occur with substance abuse are manic depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurotic compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, generalize anxiety disorder and antisocial face-to-faceity disorder. It is reported that ab by 57.7 million the Statesns ingest a mental health disorder in a accustomed year. ( interior(a) Alliance on Mental Illness, 2010)Substance abuse, in like manner k directlyn as drug abuse, refers to a maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not need to sustain life or to make it dis closing. unity in four US deaths can be attri exclusivelyed to alcohol, tobacco, or unlawful drug use. (Innovatory Combating Substance Abuse, 2010) The commonly ab utilize drugs by state with a mental illness are alcohol, cocaine and/or marijuana. Substance abuse complicates some aspect of care for a person with a mental disorder. It provides challenges for the counselor to engage the individual in treatment.http//t0.gstatic.com/ pics?q=tbnHOCEVK5RjjC51Mhttp//i206.photobucket.com/albums/bb156/elgangster214/marijuana-2.jpgAbout 50% of individuals with severe mental disorders are affected by substance abuse. (Saisan, Smith, Seg al, 2010) Thirty-s raze percent of alcohol abusers and 53% of drug abusers also have at least(prenominal) on serious mental illness. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) See the chart below. The risk of growing a drug abuse problem trance having a disorder goes as high as 15.5% for antisocial personality disorder and as low as 02.1% for phobias. The mental health problems that most commonly co-occur with substance abuse are depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) When a person has a dual diagnosis of substance abuse and mental illness the clinician has to de marginine what are the symptoms/signs of the substance abuse and what are the symptoms/signs are from the mental illness.Disorders with Increased Risk of Drug AbuseDisorderRisk unsociable personality disorder15.5%Manic episode14.5%Schizophrenia10.1%Panic disorder04. 3%Major depressive episode04.1%Obsessive-compulsive disorder03.4%Phobias02.1%Source National Institute of Mental Health.(Drug Abuse and Mental Illness Fast Facts, 2006)At least 60% of pack campaigning substance abuse or mental illness are fighting both(prenominal) at the equal time. (Bouchex, 2007) Patients with mood, anxiety or drug disorders are about twice as likely to be diagnosed with the other as well. Figure 1 (Topics in Brief, 2007) The prevalence of these dual diagnoses does not mean that one condition caused the other, even if one turn uped first. The high rates show the need for better treatment and treatment nerve centers able to deal with both at the same time. http//www.nida.nih.gov/tib/ dates/tib_large_ insures/comorbid02.jpg running(a) DIAGNOSISSubstance abuse can cause mental disorders cod to the fact that,drug abuse can cause a mental illness,mental illness can lead to drug abuse,drug abuse and mental disorders are both caused by other common risk factorsall three can contribute to the testifyment of specific dual diagnosis of mental disorders and addiction. (Topics in Brief, 200 7)FRAMEWORK/METHOD OF ANALYSISI began my search using Google and searched using the terms Substance abuse and Mental Illness. This resulted in nine articles that were relevant to my topic all of which I used as references.I then went to the Pub Med Central database and searched using the term substance abuse and mental illness and plant many articles. I used four of those articles as references. The other references were found on website much(prenominal)(prenominal) as National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Drug Intelligence Center.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (LITERATURE REVIEW)This review looks at give made in chthonicstanding the relation between drug abuse and mental illness. Volkow found that the relationship between substance abuse and mental illness is likely to reflect common contributing factors and brain substrates. (Volkow, 2001) One of the main factors substance abuse and mental illness have in common is stress. A header that still dust is the role that drug abuse has on causing psychosis in individuals with no previous psychiatric histories. Stimulant drugs induce psychosis because they increase extracellular dopamine concentration in the brain. However it does not explain why psychosis can continue by and by on the stimulant drug is no longer present in the brain.brain imageRegier, et al, broke his study down into specific mental disorders. This review found that of bulk with schizophrenia forty-seven percent has some form of substance abuse problem. great deal diagnosed with schizophrenia have a 4 measure as likely then people who do not have schizophrenia to have a substance abuse problem. (Regier, et al., 1990) The odds for people diagnosed with anxiety disorders to have a substance abuse proplem were more than cardinal percent.It is believe that substance abuse may trigger mental illness in compromising individuals. Evidence show a complex definition in which well-known risk factors- much(prenominal) as poor cognitive fun ction, anxiety, deficient interpersonal skills, social isolation, poverty, and lack of structured activities combined to chip in people with mental illnesses particularly vulnerable to alcohol and drug abuse. (Drake, 2009) People that already have a mental disorder probably appear to be extremely sensitive to the effects of alcohol and other drugs, cod to having a form of brain disorder.Drake, et al, explains the term dual diagnosis as misleading because people with a dual diagnosis are different and tend to have multiple illnesses preferably than just two illnesses. Drake discusses how look toers have naturalised some identical finding. First, co-occurrence is common. Second, dual diagnosis is associated with a variety of negative outcomes, including higher rates of relapse, hospitalization, violence, incarceration, homeless and serious infections such as HIV and hepatitis. (Drake R. P., 2001) Third, the mental health and substance abuse treatment system delivers fragmented and ineffective care.RESTATEMENT OF WORKING DIAGNOSIS (Hypo thesis) in that location is usher that substance abuse can lead to a mental disorder but also a mental disorder can also lead to a substance abuse, it is not known which comes first. Like the character which comes first the chicken or the egg. It is said that having one of the diagnosis makes you vulnerable to the other. http//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn2wcgJmOO5cR8aMhttp//deepwarriors.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/chicken-egg.jpgMANAGERIAL/POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSWhy people who are having a mental disorder are so prone to drug abuse raises a lot of questions collectible to the limited research done on the topic. The research so far is inconsistent and has failed to address a number of issues. There is a need for more research as well as more treatment center that are equipped to deal with dual diagnosis. The patient has two brain diseases that influence one another, and which both need treatment, at the same time. This is when dual diagnosis treatment is need. It is an approach used by clinicians to treat individuals affected by two co-occurring or coexistent conditions simultaneously. Dual diagnosis affects a person physically, mentally, spiritually, emotionally and socially. There is a need for an all-inclusive approach that identifies both disorders, evaluates both disorders, and at the same time treats both disorders. Many treatment centers now only treat one or the other. Substance abuse treatment are not recommended or designed to handle a mental illness and unrighteousness versa. Awareness about the problem needs to be made public, so that people know the signs to look for and how to approach the person about their disorder correctly. Patients also need to be aware of the help that is available to them and support groups like Dual recovery Anonymous. There also needs to be better training for the counselors and physicians so that they will be able to better and accurately diagnosis patien ts. For recovery to be successful you moldiness treats a clients addiction and mental health problem.http//www.bghealth.org/images/support%20group%20gif.gifWas Che Guevara a Successful subversive?Was Che Guevara a Successful Revolutionary?The principal subject of historical line of tenablenessing surrounding Che Guevara is whether or not he succeeded as a revolutionist. The tump over can let quite implausible as some study him as a folk hero of mythical proportions. There is a sense of irony in that Guevara has become worldwide fascination as a commercial product, although Guevaras motive for the new uprising was to conquer capitalism. This thesis will argue the manners in which Guevaras legacy has been received and see (listed below), as well as identifying the origins of his profound popularity.Description of Preliminary look and Research IntentionsMain areas or issues you plan to discuss in your showThe overall focus is the interpretation of Che Guevara and his legac y over time. With this, the main topics of the get by areThe life of Che Guevara was one of controversy and thereby one moldiness place emphasis into questioning the significance he holds in the pantheon of transnational revolutionary heroes and ideals. Herewith, the historian must evaluate Guevaras success from a governmental/empiricist perspective.The complete commitment to the revolutionary effort to create a unseasoned man and a just/social order that continues to stir those who shin against social injustice. With this, one must investigate how these ideals impact on the post-Guevara population of modern-day edict. To do this the historian must evaluate Guevaras success from a social perspective.Guevara has become a popular symbol while his image is too often dissociated from the legend that built it. With this, one must evaluate how and why his image has become a dominant face of modern popular culture. In relation to this debate, Guevara has ironically become an impo rtant image for money-wielding capitalists. Therefore, the historian must evaluate Guevaras success from a determinist/ economical perspective.Project SynopsisThe thesis explores specifically whether or not Che Guevara succeeded as a semi semipolitical revolutionary and a placeful icon in contemporary popular culture after his death. Guevaras life provides a meaningful historical debate as Guevara has often been criticised as a murderer, a hypocrite and a misadventure. His attempt to unite several Latin-the Statesn nations under a communist rule was unsuccessful, although he is often regarded as a hero to many of the inhabitants of these countries.The precise thesis question to be cerebrate on is Evaluate the changing views on Ernesto Che Guevaras success and legacy watch outing(a) his death in 1967 to the present day. This question was developed as an probe into how and why Guevara obtained an iconic stead in society, and whether or not he is regarded as being a success or a reverse. Originally, this question focused only on Guevaras failed attempt of uniting Latin-American nations and position an inquiry into why Guevara became so popular. Through thorough research and donnish critique, it was discovered that there were more sophisticated elements to the thesis question.The life of Che Guevara was one of controversy and thereby one must place emphasis into questioning the significance he holds in the pantheon of outside(a) revolutionary heroes and ideals. Guevara made a complete commitment to the revolutionary grapple to create a parvenu man and a just/social order that continues to inspire those who struggle against social injustice. Herewith, one must investigate how these ideals impact on the post-Guevara population of modern-day society. Guevara has also become a popular symbol while his image is too often dissociated from the legend that built it. With this, one must evaluate how and why his image has become a dominant face of contemporar y popular culture, as well as the face of market placeisation. varied historians have produced varying answers to the specific question. In the thesis, the strength of these claims is explored in an attempt to resolve the issue of whether Guevara succeeded or not, but the sources themselves their motivation, influences and perspective are also explored to ensure that the different historical perspectives are not simply described, but evaluated. This focus question is resultantly a mix of history and historiography.Project set aboutErnesto Che Guevara remains a potent iconic presence in society, with his life the subject of naked as a jaybird biographies, his mug on T-shirts, and his highly-regarded influence in the political spectrum. The Argentinean-born guerilla leader who helped Fidel Castro seize power in Cuba in 1959 remains one of the few unsullied heroes available to the political left. His thoughts (as evidenced in his book, Guerilla Warfare) on revolutionary strategy , bureaucracy, education, economics, the role of the party, internationalisticism, attitude to work and democratic centralism have been regarded as the force behind the Latin-American Revolutions. Guevara had an indomitable tactile sensation in the worth of education and was self-taught in economics and Marxism. Marxs concept that it is not enough to interpret the world, it must be transformed was at the shopping centre of Guevaras life. Guevara strongly believed that key analytical concepts must be adapted and modify by practice.Guevara felt that the struggle against capitalism and the construction of a naked as a jaybird socialist society required a new type of gentle being who would be willing to make personal sacrifices for the well-being of others. historiographer Richard Harris states, His life as a revolutionary was a success as evidenced by the continuing significance he holds in the pantheon of international revolutionary heroes and ideals. The example he set of com plete commitment to the revolutionary struggle to create a new man, freed from his mania, educated and ready to struggle every day for his liberty and a just social/international order continues to inspire those who struggle against social injustice and oppression and seek to create a new social order based on the ideals of socialism. In this context, Che has in death succeeded more than he ever could have imagined. historian Siles del Valle argues rather convincingly that Guevaras views on the new man propel him, his comrades and the young Bolivian revolutionaries who followed in their footsteps a few years later to sacrifice their lives for a new society and a new kind of human being.Many of the adherents of this theology of the new man established close links with popular revolutionary movements throughout the region. In Bolivia, after the failure of Guerillas guerilla movement, and in other countries such as Chile, Brazil and Peru, the most progressive sectors of the church, i nfluenced by the ideals of liberation theology, associated themselves with red ink and neo-Marxist revolutionary movements. In Bolivia, this course resulted in the participation of certain younger members of the Christian Democratic party in a revolutionary guerilla movement that attempted to establish a base of operations in 1970 around the mining town of Teoponte, north of the capital of La Paz.Although the idea of guerilla warfare was no longer accepted as a viable form of resistor to the military regime at the time, important elements within the Bolivian people began to idealize and even venerate the guerillas. Historian Siles de Valle illustrates the importance of how Guevaras death, his concept of the new man, the ideals of liberation theology, and the political movements divine by Guevaras example have influenced Bolivian popular literature and regime right up to the present.This influence is translucent in that the first indigenous president of Bolivia, Evo Morales, is said to be re-launching Guevaras wander of a savages revolution in the country. Morales stated that he admires Guevara because, he fought for comparison and for justice. He did not just care for ordinary people he made their struggle his own. The Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for occidental Hemisphere affairs, Roger Pardo-Maurer IV, states, You have a revolution going on in Bolivia, a revolution that potentially could have consequences as far-reaching as the Cuban revolution of 1959. What is going on in Bolivia today could have repercussions in Latin America and elsewhere that you could be dealing with for the rest of your lives. Che Guevara seek to ignite a war based on igniting a peasant revolution This project is back. Herewith, Evo Morales could become the countrys first authentically politically left-winger president.In contrast, Historian Jay Mallin provides the argument that Guevaras influence was ineffective in Bolivia. He states that, charisma is never enou gh when it comes to leftist movements. The fate of Che Guevara, who failed to foment a Latin American revolution and left no coherent social model behind for his followers, should have taught us that already. Mallin also believes that Guevara had no blueprint to be in Bolivia. Mallin affirms that, the peasants displayed exact or no interest in aiding him Guevara. During the 1950s, Bolivia had undertaken agrarian reform, and most of the peasants now owned their own land. A high-level Bolivian official chitchated What could Che offer them? Cabinet posts? Mallins comment indicates that although Guevara was attempting to eradicate the alienation of the individuals on behalf of the population, the peasant majority perceived him as worthless as they had already been benefiting from the capitalists agrarian reform schemes.Mallin considers Guevara to be a failure due to the fact that he was a leading theoretician and advocate of guerilla warfare, but he failed in an attempt to apply his own doctrines. Since Castro came to power in 1959, he and Guevara had launched or encouraged more than a xii guerilla operations throughout Latin America. Not one of these has succeeded in overthrowing a government several have been wiped out completely and some still splutter along.Although much criticism of Guevara and his legacy emanates from the political center and right, there has also been criticism from other political groups such as anarchists and civil libertarians, Bolivian officials and right-wing conservatives, some of whom considered Guevara an authoritarian, anti-working-class Stalinist, whose goal was the creation of a more bureaucratic state-Stalinist regime.Mallins irrefutable argument is that Guevara was a man of long capabilities, but he chose to employ these talents in pursuit of violence as a means to a political end. A doctor by profession, Guevara chose not to serve humanity selflessly, but rather to serve collectivism selflessly. And this indeed he did, relinquishing power and position in order to begin, literally, from scratch once again, to risk his life a new time in obedience to his tortured ideas. Therefore, Guevara can be considered a failure when evaluating his legacy within a political context. Although his attempt at unifying the Latin American nations provided him with an iconic status, the contemporary effort by politicians to follow in Guevaras footsteps has been deemed unsuccessful (except for Cuba as it still survives and was a critical primer coat for the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961), especially with the Bolivian president Evo Morales, who has little hope of fulfilling the expectations of his followers.Called the most complete human being of our age by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, Guevaras supporters believe he may yet prove to be the most important thinker and activist in Latin America since Simon Bolivar. The most important factor of Guevaras legacy after his death was his status as a popular icon, s ymbolizing revolution and left-wing political ideals among youngsters in atomic number 74ern and Middle Eastern Cultures. A dramatic scene of Guevara taken by photographer Alberto Korda soon became one of the centurys most perceptible images, and the portrait was simplified and reproduced on a vast array of merchandise, such as T-shirts, posters, coffee mugs and baseball caps.When Guevara died, millions mourned his passing. Poets and philosophers wrote impassioned eulogies to him, musicians composed tributes, and painters rendered his portrait in a myriad of heroic poses. Marxist guerillas in Asia, Africa and Latin America anxious to revolutionize their societies held his banner aloft as they went into battle. And, as the juvenility in the United States and Western Europe rose up against the established order over the Vietnam War, racial prejudice, and social orthodoxy, Guevaras defiant visage became the supreme icon of their fervent protest on influencing government policies. Guevaras body might have vanished, but his spirit has lived on Guevara was nowhere and everywhere at once. As Jorge Castaneda so aptly states in his evaluation of Guevara, Many of us today owe the few attractive and redeeming features of our daily humankind to the sixties, and Che Guevara personifies the era, if not the traits, better than anyone.Latin-American Historians Castaneda, Anderson and Taibo examine the extent to which Guevara was committed to both fomenting socialist revolution on a truly international subdue and personally putting into practice his thesis that it was possible for a shrimpy but committed guerrilla fighting force to ignite a full-scale popular revolution in Latin-American nations saddled by oppressive regimes and U.S. imperialism. His commitment to these beliefs was shared by most of his closest friends and comrades as well as many admirers and sympathizers around the world.Guevara exemplified the principles of individual sacrifice, honesty, dedication to cause, and personal conviction in his beliefs. In fact, the example he created by the way he lived his life and met his death has make ited time and ideology to nurture and inspire new generations of fighters and dreamers. Guevaras defiant visage, as Anderson believes, has become the ultimate icon of revolutionary spirit and commitment in the late twentieth century. Guevara was truly a man who died for his beliefs, and because of his almost mythical self-sacrifice for his revolutionary ideals he has been the single most important figure of veneration for revolutionaries and guerilla fighters around the world.Historian Castaneda links Guevaras legacy to what he sees as the legacy of the international younkerfulness revolt that took place in the 1960s This is the being legacy of that decade. It is also what made Guevara the perfect fit, the supreme emblem of that cultural revolt a man whose politics were conventional but whose attitude toward power and politics attained epic and unique dimensions This component of Guevaras legacy can be evidenced through the increased involvement of the New left wing youth revolts during the 1960s. The New Left sought to modify, rather than overthrow capitalism. It sought to make capitalism more inclusive and better share the massive riches the United States enjoyed in the postwar period making the New Left relevant as this was a constituent of Guevaras ideologies. Castaneda supports his argument by stating that Che can be foundin the niches reserved for cultural icons, for symbols of social uprisings that drool down deep into the soil of society, but while there is fairness in this assertion it is also clear that Guevaras legacy is greater than this. Bolivian literature, as exemplified by Harris, is testimony to the influence on Bolivian society of Ches guerilla mission and death.Though he is seen by many as a hero, opponents of Guevara, including Cuban exiles, think of him as a killer and terrorist. They raze t o what they see as the less savoury aspects of Guevaras life, taking the viewpoint that he was enthusiastic about executing opponents of the Cuban Revolution. Some of Guevaras writing is cited as evidence of this tendency, as quoted in an article by Alvaro Vargas Llosa. In his sum to the Tricontinental, Llosa writes of hatred as an element of struggle unbending hatred for the enemy, which pushes a human being beyond his natural limitations, making him into an effective, violent, selective, and cold-blooded cleansing machine.Critics in the United States assert that Che Guevara was responsible for the torture and execution of hundreds of people in Cuban prisons, and the murder of many more peasants in the regions controlled or visited by his guerilla forces. Contrary to Guevara supporters, these critics also argue that Guevara was a blundering tactician with no recorded combat victories. While supporters point to the Battle of Santa Clara as a major victory of Guevara, historian Alv aro Vargas Llosa writes, his greatest military achievement in the fight against Batista taking the city of Santa Clara after ambushing a train with sedate reinforcements is seriously disputed. Numerous testimonies indicate that the commander of the train surrendered in advance, perhaps after taking bribes. They believe that Guevara murdered individuals on dubious thou and took their property, seized private manors for himself, and distributed property among communist bureaucrats rather than the peasants. The critics also state that he helped institute forced labour camps when communist volunteerism had failed. Herewith, his social legacy has proved to be notorious as early followers of Guevara have had to communicate hate in order to be attain freedom.A similar element of Guevaras legacy is his success and veneration within an economic context. Guevara believed that the revolutionary regime needed to promote the development among Cubas working class of a new communist consci ousness based on moral rather than material incentives. He also believed strongly that the regime needed to stick with a centralised budgetary system for the equitable allocation of resources between different sectors of the economy in order to build socialism in Cubas corrupt and underdeveloped economy. He was vehemently opposed to what has today become the market strategy in the remaining few socialist countries marketisation, material incentives, and enterprise financial self-management. Anderson believes that Guevaras image is lionised by commercial profiteers around the world. Entrepreneurs have used and abused Guevaras visage in a variety of ways including ice-cream flavours, revolutionary tacos and is even the public face of Cuba in relation to tourism.Although Guevaras Marxist and economic ideologies were systematic and meticulous, he failed at managing the Cuban economy, as he oversaw the near-collapse of sugar production, the failure of industrialisation, and the intro duction of rationing. In a broader sense, some critics, such as Che-Mart (author unknown), have merchandised their dislike of Guevara by marketing burlesque T-shirts at both Guevara and his supporters, casting aspersions, for example, on what they perceive as an irony. The irony can be evidenced in that Guevara was a motivated communist who lived the last years of his life as a revolutionary figure, in order to abolish American capitalism throughout Latin America, but is now one of capitalisms hottest selling images. The creator of Che-mart.com has written, Che has marketed his brand name brilliantly over the years, selling to specific niche in the market young people who have no clue what Che has done or what he stands for. The specie continues to flow as most college dorms world-wide are being adorned with his face. This comment eradicates Guevaras initial purpose and ideals of a world free of capitalism. Herewith, Guevaras legacy in an economic context is an ironic one, as what he fought against for so many years has allowed market oligopolies to take advantage and use his well-known visage to achieve what entrepreneurs love most large profit margins from effective market capitalism.The complex facets of Che Guevaras revolutionary movement have created a mixture of interpretations through the passage of time, causing a distortion in the Guevara legend. He is singled out from other revolutionaries by many young people in the West because he rejected a comfortable bourgeois background to fight for those who were deprived of political power and economic stability. However, as evidenced in the thesis, Guevara was unsuccessful in his fight against peasant exploitation and Western capitalism. It is for this reason that Guevaras legacy is considered as rather disproportionate and can be regarded as a failure, when evaluating his political and economic success as a revolutionary. Paradoxically, Guevara can be considered a success as he has become a popular symbol while his image is too often dissociated from the school of thought that built it. It is the vulnerability of Guevaras spirit that makes him a contemporary hero although he might have failed as a revolutionary, he has somehow kept up(p) a powerful hold on the popular imagination, seeming to transcend time and place his legacy continues to influence not only those who were inspired by him then but also those who are discovering him today.

Behaviour Management Techniques in Pediatric Dentistry

Behaviour Management Techniques in pediatric odontology call of the article Model of p arntal word meaning of various air worry proficiencys utilise in pediatric dental practitionerryAbstractPurpose to evaluate the agnate credence of divergent appearance guidance techniques routinely used in pediatric odontology.Methods Forty p arnts were specifyn a image mag memorialize of different nine look steering techniques. (1.) Tell Show Do, (2.) Modeling, (3.) compulsive reinforcement, (4.) Distraction, (5.) verbalize control, (6.) Hand all over give tongue to dress, (7.) physical encumber, (8.) conscious drugging and (9.) common Anesthesia. P arnts were explained and asked to rate their bankers acceptance on visual parallel scale provided in formResults All the parents in the sample group completed the measure out form and among them 37 parents accepted the positive reinforcement technique as the nigh welcome. The least acceptable techniques were Hand ove r mouth exercise and physical restrain. The acceptance rate was in following order Positive Reinforcement, Tell Show Do, Distraction, Modeling, Conscious Sedation, General Anesthesia, Voice Control, Hand over Mouth Exercise, strong-arm defend. finding Parents favor to a greater extent than affirmative approaches and focal point techniques that engross demonstrations geared for the babys direct of accepting. Aversive teach uniform Physical Restraint, Hand over mouth exercise and congressman control is more strongly rejected than sedation and worldwide anesthesia. entrywayThe most imperative facet in pediatric dental manage is behavior focussing of the child. It saves the time of not only dentists but besides parents and child. The successful results can be obtained by the less anxious and tumesce managed child. (Wright G Z. Behavior Management in Dentistry for Children. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1975) And for managing such(prenominal) child, the topic of behavior ma nagement techniques has been explained in the literature.The intimate relationship among child, parent, dentist and society has been well explained by pedodontic triangle which provides proper child dental care. Not only this, but also it provides the data regarding the behavior management techniques to be used against the child. (Wright G Z. Behavior Management in Dentistry for Children. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1975. )(American academy of pediatric odontology Guideline on behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent 20072911524.) harmonize to Kupietzky, for better interpreting for their childrens accostment, parents can also participate actively in treatment decisions, and various behavior management techniques to modify their childrens behavior. This give ultimately diminish the parental anxiety. (Kupietzky A. Effects of video information on parental preoperative anxiety level and their perception of conscious sedation vs. general anesthesia for the dental treatment of their young child. J Clin Pediatr Dent 200631902) with growing concern about childrens rights and considering ethical aspects, pedodontists can no foresightfuler take for granted that parents will endorse any form of behaviour management technique without issue. (Klein A. Physical restraint, informed consent and the child patient. J Dent Child 55 121-122. 1987, Lawrence S M, McTigue D J, Wilson S, Odom J G, Waggoner W F, palm H W Jr. Parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent 13 151-155. 1991.)Informed consent is having a growing blow on behavior management of children. The courts uphold that treatment by health care professionals without prior consent is array and the dentist who treats a patient devoid of consent may be liable (Brown 1976). It was state in the conference sponsored by American academy of pediatric dentistry in 1988 that informed consent must be obtained prior to usage any behavior mana gement technique in children. (American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Behavior Management for the Pediatric Dental Patient last-place Proceedings of a Workshop,September 30 October 2, 1988, Iowa City, IA.) There are few studies which march that behavior management techniques are not evenly ack directlyledged by parents or guardians and many techniques are found to be objectionable. (Murphy M G, Fields H W Jr, Machen J B. Parental acceptance of pediatric dentistry behavior management technique. Pediatr Dent 6 193-198. 1984. , Peretz B, Zadik D. Attitudes of parents toward their presence in the treatment room during dental treatment to their children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 23 27-30. 1998.) several(a) studies have been through with(p) regarding acceptance of various behavior management techniques in children. It begins with the study done by Murphy et at who first encountered in differences in parental acceptance of behaviour-management techniques. In their study, they fulfilled th at make out-show-do technique was popular by most parents and general anesthesia and aversive conditioning techniques like physical restrain were least accepted. (Murphy MG, Fields HW, Machen JB. Parental acceptance of paediatric dentistry behavior management techniques. Pediatr Dent 1984 6 193-8.) Seven long time after this study an different study done by the Laurence et al stated that the enough write up is necessary for better understanding and acceptance each techniques by parents. (Lawrence SM, McTigue DJ, Wilson S, et al. Parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques used in paediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent 1991 13 151-5.) Havelka in 1992 quoted in his study that the socioeconomic status also influence the acceptance of certain behavioral pass technique by parents. (Havelka C, McTigue D, Wilson S, Odom J. The influence of social status and prior explanation on parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques. Pediatr Dent 1992 14 376-81). Also, the ac ceptance of each behavior management technique is influenced by culture and geographic region. (Long N. The changing nature of parenting in America. Pediatr Dent 2004 26 121-4.)Till now there is only one Indian study was there regarding acceptance behavioral management techniques by parents. (Elango I, Baweja DK, Shivaprakash PK. Parental acceptance of pediatric behavior management techniques A comparative study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 201230195-200)Thus, understanding parental acceptance regarding various behavior management techniques are very important which will ensure the proper child-dentist relationship as well as providing proper care. So the aim of this study was to assess the attitudes of parents towards different behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry.Materials and methods40 Parents were randomly selected from the department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry after the institutional commission ethical approval. (KA/PD- 06/2013) The inclusio n criteria was decided which were, Parents of children with age 4-15 long time with no front dental history, Parents who are willing to participate and able to view and understand the videotape and Parents of all socioeconomic status irrespective of their age, gender, income, educational status, and occupation.A master video tape of various 9 behavior management techniques was made victimisation the software windows movie maker v3.6. the behavior management techniques used were (1.) Tell Show Do, (2.) Modeling, (3.) Positive reinforcement, (4.) Distraction, (5.) Voice control, (6.) Hand over mouth exercise, (7.) physical restrain, (8.) conscious sedation and (9.) General Anesthesia. All the behavior management techniques which were shown in the master video tape were recorded in the department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry. Before each behavior management, it was explained. The master video tape was approved by four pedodontist having more than 10 years of experience. Th e techniques were presented in the same sequence to all parents as followsThe video tape was 8 minutes long duration with each technique describing 20-30 seconds. after watching each behavior management technique parents were asked to give the panorama. The judging form was filled by the parents contained the names of the techniques with two parameters of the visual analogue scale Acceptable, Not acceptableVideotape was projected using a laptop/ projector in the parent counseling room.() The subjects were asked to mark their opinion by using a vertical mark onto or avocation each techniqueResults fit to data analysis, the positive reinforcement was the most acceptable technique that was accepted by 37 parents (92.5%). The least acceptable technique was hand over mouth exercise and physical restrain that was accepted by only 5 parents (12.5%). The acceptance of various other behavior management techniques was in following order.(table 1) The same result is shown in the followin g bar diagram. (figure 3)DiscussionIn the past years, various studies were conducted regarding the parental acceptance of various behavior management techniques by Murphy et al, Lawrence et al, Frankel, Havelka et al. Scott and Garca-Godoy Eaton et al, Elango et al. According to this study, the most acceptable techniques are positive reinforcement (92.5%) and tell show do (87.5%). These findings are in correlation with previous study done by Murphy et al. The reason for the highest rating of positive reinforcement and tell show do technique may be the parent demanding for the more child friendly behavior that will inspire the child for proximo dental treatment.Also in Murphys study, it was showed that the sedation and general anesthesia was least acceptable by parents. (Murphy MG, Fields HW Jr, Machen JB. Parental acceptance of pediatric behavior management techniques. Pediatr Dent 198461938.) But in our study, General anesthesia and conscious sedation both were selected by 25 % o f parents. The reason may be, they dont want their child predict in the dental clinic and want multiple dental treatment in single sitting. It was concluded in the study by Eaton et al that in recent years, the approval for permission of nitrous oxide sedation has increased. (Eaton JJ, McTigue DJ, Fields HW, Beck FM. Attitudes of coeval parents toward behavior management techniques used in paediatric dentistry. Pediatr Dent 2005 27 107-13.) However in our study we found that a considerable number of parents (25%) approved this technique, which was more than the previous studies by Murphy.The least acceptable techniques are hand over mouth exercise (12.5%) and physical restrain (12.5%) These findings are in correlation with previous studies done by Murphy et al. 1984 Eaton et al 2005 and J. Luis de Len et al 2010. The reason for the same may be parents consider these techniques as illegal, unprofessional and not child friendly. HOME technique is also facing some controversy over a long period of time. For this reason many pedodontists are not using this technique and believe that parents may react negatively if they use this technique. (Bowers LT. The legality of using hand-over-mouth exercise for management of child behavior. J Dent Child 1982 49 257-65.) According to the report by Ouesis (2010) although HOME technique is eliminated from the AAPD guidelines, many dentists exempt accept this technique. (Oueis HS, Ralstrom E, Miriyala V, Molinari GE, Cassamassinmo P. Alternatives for Hand Over Mouth Exercise after its settlement from the clinical guidelines of the American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. Pediatr Dent 201032223-8)Restrain the child by pediwrap was also the least accepted technique. However it was suggested by frankle that this technique can be the accepted techniques by the mother if the child ic un cooperative. (Frankel RI. The Papoose Board and mothers attitudes following its use. Pediatr Dent 1991 13 284-8)LimitationsAs the coin has two s ides, the limitation in this study should not be ruled out. The first is different parents might evaluate the video tape differently and second one is failure to analyze the stress level of parents during watching the video tape. Further studies can be donre to eliminate these limitations.ConclusionThe following two conclusions can be drawn from this study,Parents prefer more positive approaches and management techniques that involve demonstrations geared for the childs level of understanding.Aversive conditioning like Physical Restraint, Hand over mouth exercise and voice control is more strongly rejected than sedation and general anesthesia.