'Vitamin C\r'

'Research Question: How the summate of vitamin C in understand upput succuss affects its freshness and process what extent is the reading provided on the pack by manu eventurers is reliable? Background Information: Hypothesis: -fresh succuss feature to a greater extent vitamin C than yen-life succus that is ‘ non from concentrate’ is best in terms of vitamin subject argona -if heat destroys vitamin C thus heat-treated long-life succuss go come to the fore eat lower absorptions -if heat destroys vitamin C wherefore boiled harvest-festival succus lead aim lower concentrations than unboiled -manufacturers gener t aside ensemble in ally provide reliable reading about their products -the nub of vitamin C bailiwick in sum upicted harvest-festivals is: So the come in of vitamin C and its persona in increase juice must go with the given ratio which plastereds that guava and orchard apple tree juice should set out the highest and low conce ntration respectively. variable quantitys:\r\n commutative: {text:list-item} Dependent: {text:list-item} Controlled: Materials Required: 6 block out metro-shaped structures, 50 cm3 burette, 10cm3 pipet, 1cm3 pipet, 3 small beakers, DCPIP etymon, 0. 1% ascorbic acid, dis coin banked water, 4 varieties of payoff juice, for example mango, word of mouth, apple, guava etceteratera Preparation Take a properly process beaker and touch on 0. 1% resolvent of vitamin C or ascorbic acid with 0. 1 g of vitamin C in cytosine cm3; this is 10 mg cm-3 or genius and solely(a) whitethorn in any case use a quickly prep bed 0. 1%ascorbic acid. Take a 0. 1% stem of DCPIP. Take 6 shield metros and check them as A, B, C, D, E and F.\r\nNow slowly pipette out 1cm3 of DCPIP event into all(prenominal) larn vacuum render employ a 1 cm3 pipette. Take 5cm3 of the 0. 1%ascorbic acid utilize a 10cm3 pipette. Using a graduated pipette or a burette, minimal brain dysfunction 0. 1% asc orbic acid con anchor by down to the DCPIP root word. Shake the provide piano aft(prenominal) scoreing severally drop. Add the acid solution until the grisly illusion of the final drop does non disappear. Record the pack arrive of ascorbic acid that was augmented. Similarly in audition electron tube B subjoin the alike(p) raft of dis troughed water and gently shake the tally tube to observe the change in vividness. Investigation\r\n scale down all the juices, that is, mango juice in C, grape juice in D, apple juice in E and guava juice in F before testing be example fruit juices nourish a strong strain that pass on interfere with ascertain the end point. Now keep adding mango juice drop by drop with the help of a 50 cm3 burette in test tube C containing DCPIP solution and gently shake the test tube until the DCPIP solution is discolourised. Repeat the homogeneous for former(a) 3 fruit juices, that is, grape, apple and guava. Uncertainties and hallucina tions doubtfulness or error spell preparing ascorbic acid = precariousness of immobile state vitamin C + uncertainty of water = 0. 01+ 0. 1 = 0. one hundred one suspense musical composition fashioning the mixture of DCPIP and vitamin C = uncertainty of DCPIP(1cm3 pipette) + uncertainty of ascorbic acid (10cm3 pipette) = 0. 01 + 0. one hundred one = 0. 111 uncertainty while making the mixture of DCPIP and fruit juices = Uncertainty of DCPIP(pipette) + uncertainty of fruit juices(burette) = 0. 01 + 0. 1 = 0. 11 information Volume of ascorbic acid added to discolor DCPIP = 2. 25(+ 0. 1) cm3 Table 1 Calculating concentration of ascorbic acid selective information bear upon submerging of ascorbic acid in fruit juice (%) = Volume of ascorbic acid added to DCPIP x 0. Volume of fruit juice added to DCPIP Uncertainty = uncertainty in the great deal of ascorbic acid + uncertainty in the heap of fruit juice = 0. 111 + 0. 11 = 0. 221 tautness of ascorbic acid in mango juice = 2 . 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 02% 11 niggardliness of ascorbic acid in grape juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 01% 16 Concentration of ascorbic acid in apple juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 006% 36 Concentration of ascorbic acid in guava juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 04% 5 Table 2 comparing the tryal observe with the given cherish on the pack\r\nVitamin C\r\nAn try out to inquire the enzyme concentration and rate of reaction Background To occupy out our investigate we utilise 3 distinct types of orange juices, and we likewise used 0. 1% of vitamin C solution. The aim of our experiment was to nonice how really much than DCPIP was compulsory to be added to stigma the orange juices turn gumption to the orange colour and the DCPIP to decolourize once the 0. 1% of vitamin C was added. DCPIP is a blue dye in its non-reduced form; it becomes pallid when it gains electrons.Vitamin C is an anti †oxidant, this is found brinyly in fresh fruit and vegetables. The important use of Vitamin C is that it neutralises free radicals, which can cause damage to cells, including cells in the cardiovascular system be after My aim in this experiment is to investigate how much juice is learnd to discolourise 1cm3 of 0. 1%of DCPIP solution. divination Before I started the probe I make trusted I did a venture so that I would be able to refer anchor to it in the conclusion at the end.Below is my hypothesis: My hypothesis is that: ‘ in that respect allow be less(prenominal)’ move into Simon’ juice necessitate to decolorize the DCPIP, the opposite(a) juices will consume to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) juice to decolourise the DCPIP’ second-rate Test I will defecate to make sure that I will be carrying out a fair test. This is to ensure that anything affecting the heart needed to decolourise the DCPIP is due to what I give way changed ( independent variable) and nothing else. Below I submit listed the independent variables a s well as those factors which should be kept the corresponding. autarkical Variable: * The Juices * Amount of Juice added to the DCPIPDependent Variable: * The occur of DCPIP put in the test tube * 1% of DCPIP * 0. 1% of vitamin C solution rigid Variables: * The meretriciousness of DCPIP poured into the test tube * Keeping a fixed wad of the DCPIP ensures that the decolourisation of the DCPIP is only because of the amount of juice added and not the different amount of DCPIP that is present * Concentration of DCPIP solution * Different concentrations can affect how long it takes to decolourise, whence it is important that in that respect is nothing else making it less severe. * Concentration of Vitamin C solution The concentration of this can affect how much DCPIP is needed to make it colourless The experiment should alike be repeated a bet of time from which an average will be seemd. This is to ensure that the end points are dead-on(prenominal) and reliable. The reg ularity The method we used to carry out this experiment and the equipment we used is shown below; I also em stripesrass any faults with the method when we carried out the experiment this is all shown below: Equipment and chemicals needed: * 1% of DCPIP solution * 0. 1% vitamin C solution * A range of fruit juices * Test tubes * Test tube rack spray STAGE| PROCEDURE| PURPOSE| ANY FAULTS/LIMITATIONS? | 1| Pipette 1cm3 of 1% DCPIP solution into the test tubes| stand a clear sight into the experiment at hand. thus it makes it easier to establish the decolourisation of the DCPIP. | N/A| 2| Using a pipette or burette, add 0. 1% vitamin C solution drop by drop to the DCPIP solution. by and by adding the drops shake the tube gently | Allows the solution to react with the vitamin C. And in that locationfore resulting in more accurate results| Using a burette would keep up been more accurate. similarly doing the experiment on a outstandingger cale would also allow any means for acc uracy for the results collected| 3| Continue to add drops of the vitamin C solution until the blue colour of the DCPIP has disappeared. | saloon how much vitamin C solution was needed to decolourise the DCPIP| At this point we make sure that the solution was absolutely colourless which was correct, however later we did not do the same thing for the orange juices and thus we were not able to collect accurate results. | 4| Record the little amount of the vitamin C solution that was added to decolourise the DCPIP solution.Repeat the procedure and average result| To calculate how near our harbor is to the actual value of vitamin C in the otherwise orange juices. | We did not decolourise the DCPIP, when adding the orange juices. As we had done for the vitamin C solution | 5| Repeat this procedure with the fruit juices provided. If only one or two drops of the fruit juices decolourises the DCPIP, trim down the juice and repeat the test. | To obtain an average to block uproom whet her our results match the fact that in that location is meant to be hundredmg of vitamin C in the juices. At this point we would get the result of the vitamin C and one of the juice means and watershed them two and times it by a 100 to see how are results are, if it is close to the actual number it will mean it is reliable and accurate, however if it is not near the number it means that it is not rattling accurate. | Limitation of the apparatus and method Throughout the experiment I felt that at that place were umpteen a(prenominal) things that could throw away been improved on, so if I were to do the investigation with the modifications, I would get the correct and accurate results.Firstly the syringes that we were using to measure the liquids were not very accurate because, it did not have the lines between the whole metrical composition, therefore forcing us to guess the amount that was needed. A more skillful humanity of equipment would be needed kind of such(prenomi nal) as a burette, if this experiment was done on a larger scale this would be more efficient, and accurate. other limitation with the experiment was that there was not plenteous DCPIP, thus limiting the amount of repeats organism done. If more repeats were done, we would be able to take out the anomalies and be able to acquire a more accurate result. hence, decreasing the range of the range veto. From the interpretical record we can see that the range interdict are fairly big, therefore to decrease this we would have to do more repeats which would decrease the range of the range bars The nigh difficult part of the experiment was espial the change in colour of the DCPIP solution while performing the titration. Two of the juices showed clear disappearance of the colour, while the others had the tint of yellow due to some other compounds of colours present. The date of manufacture may be different which may change the nutrient fill or concentration in different juices.There w ere many limitations to the method as well, the main limitation was the fact that the method was not well explained; we added alike much vitamin C to the DCPIP, making the DCPIP absolutely colourless. However we should have tallyped adding the DCPI when the DCPIP had stopped turning blue. This would have given us a result of around 0. 8 but from the results we can see that the results went up till 2. 4. A modification that could be made to this method, is to include more detail of how to do it, and what it should look like, this would outgrowth the likelihood of the results to be more accurate. ResultsBelow is the results collected by are phase. Trends & Patterns From the results table we can see that the values of the 0. 1% vitamin C solution had a large range of results. because this emphasises that the results were not very accurate. For this part of the experiment we had to decolourise the DCPIP in the test tube by adding the vitamin C to it. This in itself was not very accurate, because multitude’s perception of colourless was different to others. Therefore, it is evident that, from the first step many populate’s results were different for the other orange juices, the range of the results were within 0. cm3. The overall mean show us that there was a lot of Asda concentrated orange juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP. This shows that the amount of vitamin C in that plenty of the juice was the same amount of what was in the 1. 35mg of the Don Simon orange juice. After collecting all the results and finding the means of all juices, I was able to construct a bar interpret. A bar graph was drawn as the variable along the x axis could not expressed in the term of numbers, therefore a line graph was not suitable for this which left us with either drawing a histogram or a bar graph.Personally I chose the bar graph as it was easier to construct and also easier to understand. I also included range bars to show the highest and the lowes t values that we had got from the repeats that were done, this also shows that the value that was plotted using the bar, is the average of the range of values for the one liquid. From the graph we can evaluate that the mean concentration of vitamin C/mg cm-3 was ‘Asda from concentrated’ juice, the next juice that was after that was the ‘Asda pure’ juice, lastly leaving the ‘Don Simon’ juice at the end.This means that the Vitamin C present in the 1. 35mg is the same in the other juices for example, it has the same amount of Vitamin C in the Asda clarified juice which has 1. 48mg required to decolourise the DCPIP My hypothesis, ‘there will be less ‘Don Simon’ juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP, and that the other juices will require more juice to decolourise the DCPIP’ was correct. I predicted this as ‘Don Simon’ juices was seen as a better tone juice than the others, therefore I thought that a better q uality juice would have more vitamin C in a small intensity.Other juices will have the same amount of vitamin C in a larger raft of juice. Systematic/Random errors In our experiment there were a number of errors caused, for example in the methodology, we had made the colours of juices different to the vitamin C. This was one of the biggest mistakes in the experiment as it affected the whole experiment. If we were to make the juices more clear, when it was being added to the DCPIP, then we may have got more accurate results. As this is what we did, when we were adding the Vitamin C solution to the DCPIP.A authoritative error is a problem that you cant overcome because its a problem with the experiment itself. For instance, if youre stock(a) a colour change in a reaction, you have to depone on your eyes, theres a systematic error there because your eyes are not as accurate as a machine. A systematic error that was made was the fact when we were trying to make the DCPIP colourles s, volume’s perception of colourless was different, and therefore the results that had been acquired by the simplicity of the class were different. This is one of the reasons there was a big range of results for the decolourisation of the DCPIP.Another possible error in this experiment that could be made is the fact that the mortal may have read the volume at the wrong place to each one time. Random errors in experimental measurements are caused by un live onn and capricious changes in the experiment. These changes may occur in the measuring instruments or in the environmental conditions. A haphazard error made was the fact that the syringes were not the same. In the way that they were measured differently, sometimes they were not big liberal to carry the amount of orange juice we needed to decolourise.An effective and more accurate equipment we could have used is a burette, as it can render up to 40cm3 of liquid, and therefore we would have more than enough space to read the reading and to use the juice at once. Another random error that could have been made is that the vitamin C may have not been added by less than a drop a time, so sometimes the next drop may be too little or too big, which may change the colour of the solution more quicker therefore the volume will not be very accurate.Lastly the end point may be misjudged, as it is quite tricky to range exactly when the DCPIP has become colourless. In conclusion, there were many small mistakes made during the experiment, if I was to do this experiment again, I would make sure that I was to do all the repeats myself, so the mistake about people’s perception of what was decolourised would not affect the results. Also the fact that there would be enough equipment would mean that I would also get the results I need, and that there can be a different piece of equipment used for each of the different experiments. Interpretation of resultsOverall the quality of my data is shown to be fairl y accurate as most of the results I got were fairly close, in our class for the juices, however for the vitamin C; the results were not so accurate. This emphasises that there were a number of mistakes which could have caused this problem. There are many factors which affect the result such as, the temperature, pressure, and the equipment used etc. in the investigation I signify the main mistake that was made was that we did not stop adding the Vitamin C solution to the DCPIP when it stopped going blue, therefore the value should have been at around 0. instead of the class average which was about 1. 7. We overestimated the amount of Vitamin C that should have been added into the solution of DCPIP. However if we had decided to do this we should have added more orange juice to the DCPIP. Therefore to see whether we had accurate results we did a calculation to see the ratio of vitamin C in the actual Juices on the carton to the results of our experiment. The calculation was found by d oing the succeeding(a): Volume of 0. % vitamin C solution required to decolourise 1cm3 of DCPIP cm3Mean volume of juice required to decolourise 1cm3 of DCPIP cm3X 100 Therefore as we know the volume of standard vitamin C solution needed to decolourise a fixed volume of DCPIP, by using transparent proportion, we can calculate the amount of vitamin C in the three different types of orange squash. 0. 1% vitamin C solution: In 1. 70cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1cm3 1mg * 1. 70cm3 1. 70mg Don Simon: In 1. 36cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg 1. 36cm3 * 100ml 125. 0mg Asda from Concentrated: In 1. 85cm3 should be 1. 0mg of 0. 1%vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg 1. 85cm3 * 100ml91. 9mg Asda Pure: In 1. 48cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg1. 48cm3 * 100ml 114. 9mg 0. 1% vitamin C solution: In 1. 70cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1cm3 1mg * 1. 70cm3 1. 70mg Don Simon: In 1. 36cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg 1. 36cm3 * 100ml 125. 0mg Asda from Concentrated: In 1. 85cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1%vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg 1. 85cm3 * 100ml91. 9mg Asda Pure: In 1. 48cm3 should be 1. 70mg of 0. 1% vitamin C solution * 1. 70mg1. 48cm3 * 100ml 114. mg To find whether our results were accurate, I found out how much vitamin C was present in each of the solutions, this is shown in the box below: From the calculations above, we can see that the results collected from the class were not very accurate. This is shown by means of the fact that it says that in the Asda Pure juices of 100ml there should be 114. 9mg of vitamin C when there should be 100mg of vitamin C in a 100ml of the juice. Conclusion & Evaluation My prediction, ‘there will be less’ Don Simon’ juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP, the other juices will require more juice to decolourise the DCPIP’ was correct.This is because; the smaller volume of fruit juice needed to decolourise the blue DCPIP solution, the higher is the Vitamin C content in the fruit. It is also shown on the graph, as there is less volume of Don Simon Orange juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP. This means that in 1. 35cm3 of Don Simon, there is the same amount of Vitamin C in 1. 48cm3 of the Asda Pure orange juice, and in 1. 85cm3 of the Asda from concentrated orange juice. The smaller volume of orange juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution means that the DCPIP solution is reduced at a faster rate.Within my results, I did find quite a number of anomalies. However there were other numbers within the range of the anomaly such as in the 0. 1% vitamin C solution had the highest value of being 2. 4 cm3, which at first I had thought to be an anomaly, however 2. 1 cm3 was also another result that had been collected. However if we took out the 2 repeats, there was also another repeat of 2cm3. Therefore in the end I left the results in the results table. 0. 8cm3 was also anot her repeat I had though was an anomaly; however there were also other results that were near 0. 8 cm3 such as 1. cm3. Therefore I did not record these results as anomalies. The main reason for the high range was because of the fact that people had different perceptions of when the solution was to go colourless. In the rest of the results there were not any anomalies recorded as they were in the range of each other. If I was to do this investigation again I would make sure that the instructions were read clearly and also do the experiment on a larger scale, so instead of adding 5 cm3 of the DCPIP I would add 20 cm3 and therefore use a burette to add in the different types of orange juices.This would make it more accurate, as the reading would be able to be made more precisely. Another thing I would do better next time is to do more repeats, even though there were a lot of repeats for my results, the results were not done by the same person and therefore the perception of the colour w ould be different to each person, and therefore if I was to do all the repeats myself I would be able not to take the risk of getting a long range of results. Also I would make sure that there was enough DCPIP for my experiments as I know in my experiment there was not enough DCPIP for some people to do another repeat.The most repeats a group was able to do were 2. Another factor I would change if I were to do the investigation again is that I would use other brands of orange juices as well to widen the results I was going to get. In conclusion, the investigation has stated that there will be less’ Don Simon’ juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP, the other juices will require more juice to decolourise the DCPIP. This is shown on the bar graph with the mean volume of the different types of juices needed to decolourise the DCPIP against the different types of juices.There is also range bars included to inform the highest and lowest values obtained from the repeats.  212;—————————————†[ 1 ]. Edexcel AS Biology revision eviscerate for SNAB and concept-led approaches -EDEXCEL, make: 2008 [ 2 ]. Edexcel AS Biology Revision Guide for SNAB and concept-led approaches †EDEXCEL [ 3 ]. AS-level Biology-Exam Board: Edexcel-complete revision & practice, Published: by CGP in 2008 [ 4 ]. Edexcel AS Biology Revision Guide for SNAB and concept-led approaches -EDEXCEL\r\nVitamin C\r\nResearch Question: How the amount of vitamin C in fruit juices affects its freshness and till what extent is the information provided on the pack by manufacturers is reliable? Background Information: Hypothesis: -fresh juices have more vitamin C than long-life juice that is ‘not from concentrate’ is best in terms of vitamin content -if heat destroys vitamin C then heat-treated long-life juices will have lower concentrations -if heat destroys vitamin C then boiled fruit juice will have lower concentrations than unboiled -manufacturers generally provide reliable information about their products -the amount of vitamin C content in given fruits is: So the amount of vitamin C and its percentage in fruit juice must go with the given ratio which means that guava and apple juice should have the highest and lowest concentration respectively. Variables:\r\nIndependent: {text:list-item} Dependent: {text:list-item} Controlled: Materials Required: 6 test tubes, 50 cm3 burette, 10cm3 pipette, 1cm3 pipette, 3 small beakers, DCPIP solution, 0. 1% ascorbic acid, distilled water, 4 varieties of fruit juice, for example mango, grape, apple, guava etc. Preparation Take a properly process beaker and make 0. 1% solution of vitamin C or ascorbic acid with 0. 1 g of vitamin C in 100 cm3; this is 10 mg cm-3 or one may also use a pronto prepared 0. 1%ascorbic acid. Take a 0. 1% solution of DCPIP. Take 6 test tubes and strike off them as A, B, C, D, E and F.\r\nNow slowly pipe tte out 1cm3 of DCPIP solution into each test tube using a 1 cm3 pipette. Take 5cm3 of the 0. 1%ascorbic acid using a 10cm3 pipette. Using a graduated pipette or a burette, add 0. 1% ascorbic acid drop by drop to the DCPIP solution. Shake the tube gently after adding each drop. Add the acid solution until the blue colour of the final drop does not disappear. Record the exact amount of ascorbic acid that was added. Similarly in test tube B add the same volume of distilled water and gently shake the test tube to observe the change in colour. Investigation\r\n rationalize all the juices, that is, mango juice in C, grape juice in D, apple juice in E and guava juice in F before testing because fruit juices have a strong colour that will interfere with determine the end point. Now keep adding mango juice drop by drop with the help of a 50 cm3 burette in test tube C containing DCPIP solution and gently shake the test tube until the DCPIP solution is decolourised. Repeat the same for other 3 fruit juices, that is, grape, apple and guava. Uncertainties and errors Uncertainty or error while preparing ascorbic acid = Uncertainty of solid vitamin C + uncertainty of water = 0. 01+ 0. 1 = 0. 101 Uncertainty while making the mixture of DCPIP and vitamin C = uncertainty of DCPIP(1cm3 pipette) + uncertainty of ascorbic acid (10cm3 pipette) = 0. 01 + 0. 101 = 0. 111 Uncertainty while making the mixture of DCPIP and fruit juices = Uncertainty of DCPIP(pipette) + uncertainty of fruit juices(burette) = 0. 01 + 0. 1 = 0. 11 Data Volume of ascorbic acid added to decolourise DCPIP = 2. 25(+ 0. 1) cm3 Table 1 Calculating concentration of ascorbic acid Data treat Concentration of ascorbic acid in fruit juice (%) = Volume of ascorbic acid added to DCPIP x 0. Volume of fruit juice added to DCPIP Uncertainty = uncertainty in the volume of ascorbic acid + uncertainty in the volume of fruit juice = 0. 111 + 0. 11 = 0. 221 Concentration of ascorbic acid in mango juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 02 % 11 Concentration of ascorbic acid in grape juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 01% 16 Concentration of ascorbic acid in apple juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 006% 36 Concentration of ascorbic acid in guava juice = 2. 25 x 0. 1 = 0. 04% 5 Table 2 comparing the experimental value with the given value on the pack\r\n'